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Social and economic background influences survival in intensive care: Research with societal impact

Social and economic background influences survival in intensive care: Research with societal impact

18 August 2026

A large-scale study by researchers from Maastricht UMC+ and Amsterdam UMC demonstrates that lower socioeconomic status (SES) of patients admitted to Dutch intensive care units contributes to worse survival.

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Fatma Karapinar appointed as Professor in Medication Safety

Fatma Karapinar appointed as Professor in Medication Safety

12 August 2026

As of 1 June 2026, Dr Fatma Karapinar has been appointed Professor of Medication Safety at Maastricht University.

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Carim Maastricht
Carim Maastricht

Bastiaan de Galan

Professor

Bastiaan de Galan studied medicine at the University of Amsterdam, graduating in 1994. He subsequently worked as a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at Diakonessenhuis in Utrecht before beginning his specialist training in internal medicine at Radboud University Medical Center (Radboud UMC) in Nijmegen. He obtained his specialist degree in internal medicine and, in 2003, completed his PhD on impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes. Following his training, he joined the medical staff of the Department of Internal Medicine at Radboud UMC, where he continued his translational research in diabetes, with a particular focus on hypoglycaemia and clinical care. In 2018, he coordinated Hypo-RESOLVE, a large European consortium aimed at improving the understanding of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing clinical, psychological and health-economic research. In 2019, Bastiaan was appointed Professor of Medicine, Clinical Diabetology, at Maastricht University and joined the Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology at Maastricht UMC+, while continuing to work part-time at Radboud UMC. He is actively involved in the training and supervision of medical students, residents and PhD candidates, as well as in diabetes education at national and international levels. He also contributes to the development of national guidelines for diabetes management.

His current research builds on his longstanding interest in improving the lives of people with diabetes by reducing the risk and impact of hypoglycaemia. A major focus is on understanding the consequences of hypoglycaemia, including the role of the stress hormone adrenaline in inflammatory responses to hypoglycaemia and its potential contribution to cardiovascular disease risk. Another area of his research, supported by the European Commission, investigates the potential benefits of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven mobile application that provides insulin dose recommendations for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving intensive insulin treatment with insulin pens. The application runs on conventional smartphones and combines carbohydrate estimation from food photographs with an insulin-dosing algorithm to provide personalised insulin dose recommendations. It is currently being evaluated in a multicentre randomised controlled trial involving study centres in the Netherlands, Denmark and Greece. As part of this project, Bastiaan also investigates the role of health literacy and numeracy, which are becoming increasingly important as technological innovations become more integrated into clinical diabetes management.

Bastiaan de galan klein

Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology
P. Debeyelaan 25, 6229 HX
Room number: 5.A2-037
Telephone: +31433877011

  • 2022
    • Verhulst, C. E. M., van Heck, J. I. P., Fabricius, T. W., Stienstra, R., Teerenstra, S., McCrimmon, R. J., Tack, C. J., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & de Galan, B. E. (2022). Sustained Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Hypoglycemia in People with Type 2 Diabetes and in People Without Diabetes. Diabetes, 71(12), 2716-2727. https://doi.org/10.2337/db22-0246
    • Jin, S., Reesink, K. D., Kroon, A. A., de Galan, B., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Wesselius, A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & van Greevenbroek, M. M. J. (2022). Complement factors D and C3 cross-sectionally associate with arterial stiffness, but not independently of metabolic risk factors: The Maastricht Study. Journal of Hypertension, 40(11), 2161-2170. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003237
    • Verhulst, C. E. M., Fabricius, T. W., Teerenstra, S., Kristensen, P. L., Tack, C. J., McCrimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Evans, M. L., Amiel, S. A., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., de Galan, B. E., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). Glycaemic thresholds for counterregulatory hormone and symptom responses to hypoglycaemia in people with and without type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetologia, 65(10), 1601-1612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05749-8
    • Verhulst, C. E. M., Fabricius, T. W., Nefs, G., Kessels, R. P. C., Pouwer, F., Teerenstra, S., Tack, C. J., Broadley, M. M., Kristensen, P. L., McCrimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Evans, M. L., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & de Galan, B. E. (2022). Consistent Effects of Hypoglycemia on Cognitive Function in People With or Without Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 45(9), 2103-2110. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-2502
    • Koeneman, M., Olde Bekkink, M., Meijel, L. V., Bredie, S., & de Galan, B. (2022). Effect of Hypoglycemia on Heart Rate Variability in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia. DST Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 16(5), 1144-1149. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211007485
    • Divilly, P., Zaremba, N., Mahmoudi, Z., Søholm, U., Pollard, D. J., Broadley, M., Abbink, E. J., de Galan, B., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Renard, E., Evans, M., Speight, J., Brennan, A., McCrimmon, R. J., Müllenborn, M., Heller, S., Seibold, A., Mader, J. K., Amiel, S. A., ... Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). Hypo-METRICS: Hypoglycaemia - MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS - A multi-country clinical study to define the optimal threshold and duration of sensor-detected hypoglycaemia that impact the experience of hypoglycaemia, quality of life and health economic outcomes: the study protocol. Diabetic Medicine, 39(9), Article e14892. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14892
    • Broadley, M., Chatwin, H., Søholm, U., Amiel, S. A., Carlton, J., De Galan, B. E., Hendrieckx, C., McCrimmon, R. J., Skovlund, S. E., Pouwer, F., Speight, J., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). The 12-Item Hypoglycemia Impact Profile (HIP12): psychometric validation of a brief measure of the impact of hypoglycemia on quality of life among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 10(4), Article e002890. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002890
    • Rebelos, E., Daniele, G., Campi, B., Saba, A., Koskensalo, K., Ihalainen, J., Saukko, E., Nuutila, P., Backes, W. H., Jansen, J. F. A., Dagnelie, P. C., Köhler, S., de Galan, B. E., van Sloten, T. T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Ferrannini, E. (2022). Circulating N-Acetylaspartate does not track brain NAA concentrations, cognitive function or features of small vessel disease in humans. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 11530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15670-0
    • van Gemert, L. A., de Galan, B. E., Wevers, R. A., ter Heine, R., & Willemsen, M. A. (2022). Lactate infusion as therapeutical intervention: a scoping review. European Journal of Pediatrics, 181(6), 2227-2235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04446-3
    • Ali, N., El Hamdaoui, S., Nefs, G., Tack, C. J., & De Galan, B. E. (2022). Improved glucometrics in people with type 1 diabetes 1 year into the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 10(3), Article 002789. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002789
    • Jensen, M. V., Broadley, M., Speight, J., Chatwin, H., Scope, A., Cantrell, A., Heller, S., de Galan, B. E., Hendrieckx, C., Pouwer, F., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). The impact of hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on parental quality of life and related outcomes: A systematic review. Pediatric Diabetes, 23(3), 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13308
    • van Meijel, L. A., van Asten, J. J. A., Grandjean, J., Heerschap, A., Tack, C. J., van der Graaf, M., Wiegers, E. C., & de Galan, B. E. (2022). Effect of lactate administration on cerebral blood flow during hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 10(2), Article e002401. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002401
    • Linkens, A. M. A., Houben, A. J. H. M., Kroon, A. A., Schram, M. T., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., Webers, C. A. B., van Greevenbroek, M., Henry, R. M. A., de Galan, B., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Eussen, S. J. M. P., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2022). Habitual intake of dietary advanced glycation end products is not associated with generalized microvascular function-the Maastricht Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115(2), 444-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab302
    • Soholm, U., Broadley, M., Zaremba, N., Divilly, P., Nefs, G., Mahmoudi, Z., de Galan, B., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Brennan, A., Pollard, D. J., McCrimmon, R. J., Amiel, S. A., Hendrieckx, C., Speight, J., Choudhary, P., Pouwer, F., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). Investigating the day-to-day impact of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: design and validation protocol of the Hypo-METRICS application. BMJ Open, 12(2), Article e051651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051651
    • Matlock, K. A., Broadley, M., Hendrieckx, C., Clowes, M., Sutton, A., Heller, S. R., de Galan, B. E., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2022). Changes in quality of life following hypoglycaemia in adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Diabetic Medicine, 39(1), Article e14706. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14706
    • Chatwin, H., Broadley, M., Hendrieckx, C., Carlton, J., Heller, S., Amiel, S. A., Galan, B. E., Hermanns, N., Finke-Groene, K., Speight, J., Pouwer, F., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2022). Unmet support needs relating to hypoglycaemia among adults with type 1 diabetes: Results of a multi-country web-based qualitative study. Diabetic Medicine, 39(1), Article e14727. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14727
  • 2021
    • Coolen, M., Broadley, M., Hendrieckx, C., Chatwin, H., Clowes, M., Heller, S., de Galan, B. E., Speight, J., Pouwer, F., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2021). The impact of hypoglycemia on quality of life and related outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 16(12), Article e0260896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260896
    • van Meijel, L. A., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2021). Effect of short-term use of dapagliflozin on impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 23(11), 2582-2589. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14505
    • Jensen, M. V., Broadley, M., Speight, J., Scope, A., Preston, L., Heller, S., de Galan, B. E., Pouwer, F., Hendrieckx, C., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2021). The impact of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of family members of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A qualitative systematic review. Diabetic Medicine, 38(10), Article e14666. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14666
    • van Doorn, W. P. T. M., Foreman, Y. D., Schaper, N. C., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Koster, A., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Wesselius, A., Schram, M. T., Henry, R. M. A., Dagnelie, P. C., de Galan, B. E., Bekers, O., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Meex, S. J. R., & Brouwers, M. C. G. J. (2021). Machine learning-based glucose prediction with use of continuous glucose and physical activity monitoring data: The Maastricht Study. PLOS ONE, 16(6), Article e0253125. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253125
    • Vickneson, K., Blackburn, J., Gallagher, J. R., Evans, M. L., de Galan, B. E., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Thorens, B., McNeilly, A. D., & McCrimmon, R. J. (2021). Cold-induced dishabituation in rodents exposed to recurrent hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia, 64(6), 1436-1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05425-3
    • Chatwin, H., Broadley, M., Speight, J., Cantrell, A., Sutton, A., Heller, S., de Galan, B., Hendrieckx, C., Pouwer, F., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2021). The impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 174, Article 108752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108752
    • Fabricius, T. W., Verhulst, C. E. M., Kristensen, P. L., Tack, C. J., McCrimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Evans, M. L., Amiel, S. A., Pieber, T. R., de Galan, B. E., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2021). Hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamps in human research: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetologia, 64(4), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05361-8
    • Chatwin, H., Broadley, M., Jensen, M. V., Hendrieckx, C., Carlton, J., Heller, S., Amiel, S., de Galan, B., Hermanns, N., Finke-Groene, K., Speight, J., & Pouwer, F. (2021). 'Never again will I be carefree': a qualitative study of the impact of hypoglycemia on quality of life among adults with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 9(1), Article e002322. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002322
  • 2020
    • Ali, N., Janssen, A. W. M., Jaeger, M., Van de Wijer, L., van Der Heijden, W., ter Horst, R., Vart, P., van Gool, A., Joosten, L. A. B., Netea, M. G., Stienstra, R., De Galan, B. E., & Tack, C. J. (2020). Limited impact of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia on the inflammatory profile of people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 22(12), 2427-2436. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14172
    • de Galan, B. E. (2020). Relative Limited Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetes: A Personal View. DST Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 14(4), 727-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820930270
    • de Galan, B. E., McCrimmon, R. J., Ibberson, M., Heller, S. R., Choudhary, P., Pouwer, F., Speight, J., Carlton, J., Pieber, T. R., Rosilio, M., Tack, C. J., Mullenborn, M., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2020). Reducing the burden of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes through increased understanding: design of the Hypoglycaemia REdefining SOLutions for better liVEs (Hypo-RESOLVE) project. Diabetic Medicine, 37(6), 1066-1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14240
    • Nefs, G., Bazelmans, E., Donga, E., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2020). Sweet dreams or bitter nightmare: a narrative review of 25 years of research on the role of sleep in diabetes and the contributions of behavioural science. Diabetic Medicine, 37(3), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14211
    • van Meijel, L. A., de Vegt, F., Abbink, E. J., Rutters, F., Schram, M. T., van der Klauw, M. M., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Siegelaar, S., DeVries, J. H., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Ozcan, B., de Valk, H. W., Silvius, B., Schaper, N., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Elders, P. J. M., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2020). High prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia among people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: The Dutch Diabetes Pearl Cohort. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1), Article 000935. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000935
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