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Social and economic background influences survival in intensive care: Research with societal impact

Social and economic background influences survival in intensive care: Research with societal impact

18 August 2026

A large-scale study by researchers from Maastricht UMC+ and Amsterdam UMC demonstrates that lower socioeconomic status (SES) of patients admitted to Dutch intensive care units contributes to worse survival.

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Fatma Karapinar appointed as Professor in Medication Safety

Fatma Karapinar appointed as Professor in Medication Safety

12 August 2026

As of 1 June 2026, Dr Fatma Karapinar has been appointed Professor of Medication Safety at Maastricht University.

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Carim Maastricht
Carim Maastricht

Bastiaan de Galan

Professor

Bastiaan de Galan studied medicine at the University of Amsterdam, graduating in 1994. He subsequently worked as a resident in the Department of Internal Medicine at Diakonessenhuis in Utrecht before beginning his specialist training in internal medicine at Radboud University Medical Center (Radboud UMC) in Nijmegen. He obtained his specialist degree in internal medicine and, in 2003, completed his PhD on impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes. Following his training, he joined the medical staff of the Department of Internal Medicine at Radboud UMC, where he continued his translational research in diabetes, with a particular focus on hypoglycaemia and clinical care. In 2018, he coordinated Hypo-RESOLVE, a large European consortium aimed at improving the understanding of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing clinical, psychological and health-economic research. In 2019, Bastiaan was appointed Professor of Medicine, Clinical Diabetology, at Maastricht University and joined the Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology at Maastricht UMC+, while continuing to work part-time at Radboud UMC. He is actively involved in the training and supervision of medical students, residents and PhD candidates, as well as in diabetes education at national and international levels. He also contributes to the development of national guidelines for diabetes management.

His current research builds on his longstanding interest in improving the lives of people with diabetes by reducing the risk and impact of hypoglycaemia. A major focus is on understanding the consequences of hypoglycaemia, including the role of the stress hormone adrenaline in inflammatory responses to hypoglycaemia and its potential contribution to cardiovascular disease risk. Another area of his research, supported by the European Commission, investigates the potential benefits of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven mobile application that provides insulin dose recommendations for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes receiving intensive insulin treatment with insulin pens. The application runs on conventional smartphones and combines carbohydrate estimation from food photographs with an insulin-dosing algorithm to provide personalised insulin dose recommendations. It is currently being evaluated in a multicentre randomised controlled trial involving study centres in the Netherlands, Denmark and Greece. As part of this project, Bastiaan also investigates the role of health literacy and numeracy, which are becoming increasingly important as technological innovations become more integrated into clinical diabetes management.

Bastiaan de galan klein

Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology
P. Debeyelaan 25, 6229 HX
Room number: 5.A2-037
Telephone: +31433877011

  • 2026
    • Yu, E. Y. W., Ren, H. Y., Liang, X., Xi, Y., Shuai, M., Miao, Z., Xu, F., Zhang, K., Shen, L., Xia, H., Schram, M. T., van Greevenbroek, M., de Galan, B. E., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Linden, D. E. J., Blokland, G. A. M., Arts, I. C. W., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., Yan, Y., ... Zheng, J. S. (2026). Trans-ethnic estimation and implications of genetic impact on continuous glycemic profiles. Cell Discovery, 12(1), Article 40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-026-00897-2
    • Koutroukas, V., Tziannou, A., Thomas, J. J. C., Martine-Edith, G., Heller, S., Mader, J. K., Brosen, J. M. B., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., De Galan, B. E., Renard, E., Evans, M. L., McCrimmon, R. J., Speight, J., Pouwer, F., Amiel, S. A., & Choudhary, P. (2026). Factors Associated With Progression From Level 1 to Level 2 Sensor-Detected Hypoglycaemia in People With Type 1 and Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis From the Hypo-METRICS Study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(10), 9584-9594. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.71172
    • Cigler, M., El-Hakouni, O., Mecani, R., Pouwer, F., Abbink, E. J., Moser, M., de Galan, B. E., Renard, E., Evans, M., Brosen, J. M. B., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., McCrimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Baumann, P. M., Soholm, U., Basta, S., Divilly, P., Zaremba, N., Amiel, S. A., ... Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). Exploring the gap between sensor-detected (SDH) and person-reported hypoglycaemia (PRH): The voice of people living with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 43(8), Article e70301. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70301
    • Sezer, B., Albers, J., Meisters, R., Schram, M. T., de Galan, B. E., van der Kallen, C., van Greevenbroek, M., Dagnelie, P., Koster, A., & Bosma, H. (2026). Exploring the role of class stigma in socioeconomic inequalities in type 2 diabetes: The Maastricht Study. Journal of Health Psychology, 31(9), 3578-3588. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053251395856
    • Koutroukas, V., Thomas, J., Martine-Edith, G., Tziannou, A., Divilly, P., Soholm, U., Meek, C. L., Heller, S., Mader, J. K., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., de Galan, B. E., Renard, E., Evans, M. L., McCrimmon, R. J., Speight, J., Pouwer, F., Amiel, S. A., Choudhary, P., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). Gold and Clarke Questionnaires Identify Different People With Insulin-Treated Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia in Almost 60% of Cases: A Post Hoc Analysis From the Hypo-METRICS Study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(8), 6755-6766. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70869
    • den Brok, E. J., Svensson, C. H., Olsen, M. T., Dimitropoulou, N. M., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Panagiotou, M., Abdur Rahman, L., Proennecke, S., Mertens, P. R., Athanasopoulos, S., Dingena, C. F., Makrilakis, K., Mougiakakou, S., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & de Galan, B. E. (2026). Randomised Controlled Multicentre Trial to Investigate the Effectiveness of a Mobile Artificial Intelligence Solution for Diabetes Adapted Care: The MELISSA Trial Protocol. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(8), 6576-6583. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70879
    • McCarthy, A., Soholm, U., Zaremba, N., Pouwer, F., Vaag, A. A., Heller, S., Mader, J. K., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., de Galan, B. E., Renard, E., Evans, M. L., McCrimmon, R. J., Amiel, S. A., Choudhary, P., Divilly, P., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). Hypoglycaemia Was Not Associated With Depression, Anxiety, Diabetes Distress or Fear of Hypoglycaemia Scores in People With Type 1 or Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes in the Hypo-METRICS Study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.71041
    • Mustafajev, I. F., Hendriksz, M. S., Stienstra, R., Tack, C. J., De Galan, B. E., & Meijer, R. I. (2026). Adrenaline is a prominent driver of inflammatory responses following hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia, 69(6), 1675-1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06667-9
    • Okoro, C., Zhou, T. L., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Koster, A., Sutedja, N. A., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., de Galan, B. E., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Schram, M. T., & Kroon, A. A. (2026). Association of type 2 diabetes according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors within the recommended range with neuropathy - The Maastricht Study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 235, Article 113212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113212
    • Tokgoz, S., Deden, L. N., Hofboer, A., Meijer, R. I., Hazebroek, E. J., Van Bon, A. C., De Galan, B. E., Tack, C. J., Boss, M., & Gotthardt, M. (2026). Beta cell function and mass in individuals with and without remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia, 69(5), 1295-1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06659-1
    • Tokgoz, S., Boss, M., Meijer, R. I., Jansen, T. J. P., Deden, L. N., Tack, C. J., de Galan, B. E., & Gotthardt, M. (2026). Sex Differences in [<SUP>68</SUP>Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 Uptake in the Pituitary of Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(5), 4387-4390. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70600
    • Powell, P. A., Frances, S. M., de Galan, B. E., Heller, S., Speight, J., Rosilio, M., Pouwer, F., Gall, M.-A., Child, C. J., McCrimmon, R. J., Tait, K., Carlton, J., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). 'There is more to life than HbA1c': A comprehensive qualitative framework from the Hypo-RESOLVE project evidencing the impacts of hypoglycaemia on the quality of life of adults living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 43(5), Article e70240. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70240
    • Chong, M. Y., Koster, A., de Galan, B. E., van der Kallen, C. J. H., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Bours, M. J. L., Weijenberg, M. P., & Eussen, S. J. P. M. (2026). Associations between chrono-nutrition and glucose metabolism across levels of glucose impairment: The Maastricht Study. European Journal of Nutrition, 65(4), Article 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-026-03964-2
    • Chong, M. Y., Koster, A., Meertens, R. M., Pot, G. K., Galan, B. E. D., Kallen, C. J. H. V. D., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Bosma, H., Simons, S. O., Bours, M. J. L., Weijenberg, M. P., & Eussen, S. J. P. M. (2026). Associations of chrono-nutrition with sleep and quality of life: The Maastricht Study. Clinical Nutrition, 59, Article 106593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106593
    • Soholm, U., Holmes-truscott, E., Amiel, S. A., De Galan, B., Pedersen-bjergaard, U., Mccrimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Evans, M., Mader, J. K., Choudhary, P., Pouwer, F., Shaw, J. A. M., Speight, J., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). Assessing thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to hypoglycaemia: Psychometric evaluation of the Hypoglycaemia Cues Questionnaire (HypoC-Q). Diabetic Medicine, 43(4), Article e70231. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70231
    • Chong, M. Y., Henson, J., Bours, M. J. L., Bosma, H., de Galan, B. E., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Meertens, R. M., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Schram, M. T., Weijenberg, M. P., Yates, T., Koster, A., & Eussen, S. J. P. M. (2026). Physical activity and meal timing alignment with chronotype and their associations with glucose metabolism: The Maastricht Study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(4), 3295-3304. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70526
    • Chong, M. Y., Eussen, S. J. P. M., van der Velde, J. H. P. M., de Galan, B. E., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Bosma, H., Bours, M. J. L., Weijenberg, M. P., & Koster, A. (2026). Reallocating morning physical activity to later-day activity and its association with type 2 diabetes incidence: The Maastricht Study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 28(4), 2642-2650. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70438
    • Schaarup, J. R., Bjerg, L., Hansen, C. S., Andersen, S. T., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Schram, M. T., De Galan, B. E., Stehouwer, C., & Witte, D. R. (2026). Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is linked with arterial stiffness across glucose metabolism: the Maastricht study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 14(2), Article e004995. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2025-004995
    • Berends, E., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Backes, W. H., Dagnelie, P. C., Jansen, J. F. A., Galan, B. E. D., Greevenbroek, M. M. J. V., Kohler, S., Schram, M. T., Wesselius, A., Oostenbrugge, R. J., Foulquier, S., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2026). Associations between methylglyoxal and cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive function-The Maastricht Study. Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases, 35(3), Article 108578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2026.108578
    • Wang, K., Kroon, A. A., De Galan, B. E., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., Schram, M. T., Houben, A. J. H. M., & van Greevenbroek, M. M. J. (2026). Associations of blood pressure with retinal arteriolar narrowing and urinary albumin excretion are modified by prediabetes: the Maastricht study. Journal of Hypertension, 44(3), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000004225
    • van Baal, T. L., Köhler, S., Koster, A., Meertens, R. M., Bosma, H., Schram, M. T., Jansen, J. F. A., Simons, S. O., de Galan, B. E., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Janssen, N., & Deckers, K. (2026). The association between sleep parameters, cognitive functioning, and markers of brain morphology: The Maastricht Study. Sleep, 49(3), Article zsaf218. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaf218
    • Ali, N., van Erp, S., Kramers, C., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2026). The Prevalence and Implications of Polypharmacy in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 119(3), 696-702. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.70130
    • Cigler, M., Soholm, U., Broadley, M., Pouwer, F., Abbink, E. J., Ali, N., de Galan, B. E., Renard, E., Evans, M., Boggild Brosen, J. M., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Mc Crimmon, R. J., Heller, S., Caunt, S., Amiel, S. A., Divilly, P., Zaremba, N., Choudhary, P., Mader, J. K., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2026). User evaluation of the Hypo-METRICS app: A tool for real-time symptom reporting of hypoglycaemia. Diabetic Medicine, 43(3), Article e70185. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70185
    • Maalmi, H., Wouters, K., Schaper, N. C., Zhu, A., Heijman, J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Dagnelie, P. C., de Galan, B. E., Wesselius, A., Ziegler, D., Roden, M., Herder, C., Oluwagbemigun, K., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2026). Circulating Neutrophil and Monocyte Counts Are Inversely Associated With Heart Rate Variability Indices: The Maastricht Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 15(3), 1-14. Article e043994. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.125.043994
    • Dimitropoulou, N. M., Beran, M., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Dingena, C. F., Dagnelie, P. C., Van Der Kallen, C. J. H., Koster, A., Van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Brouwers, M. C. G. J., Schram, M. T., & de Galan, B. E. (2026). Liver fat content is not elevated in people with type 1 diabetes: the Maastricht Study. Diabetologia, 69(2), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06597-y
    • Forteath, C., Merchant, H. J., Kocherry, C., Murdoch, C. E., Kerr, J., Gallagher, J. R., Evans, M. L., Thorens, B., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., De Galan, B. E., McCrimmon, R. J., & McNeilly, A. D. (2026). Recurrent hypoglycaemia promotes cardiomyopathy and cardiac vulnerability in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia, 69(2), 515-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06574-5
    • Zaremba, N., Harrison, A., Brown, J., Pillay, D., Konstantara, E., Treasure, J., Hopkins, D., Prins, J., de Galan, B., Ismail, K., Nefs, G., & Stadler, M. (2026). Experiences of receiving and delivering a novel complex intervention for type 1 diabetes and disordered eating: Process evaluation of the Safe management of people with Type 1 diabetes and EAting Disorders studY (STEADY). Diabetic Medicine, Article e70377. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70377
  • 2025
    • Willems, I., Dumuid, D., Koster, A., De Galan, B., Verbestel, V., & De Craemer, M. (2025). Nine-year follow-up of 24-hour movement behaviors and glucose metabolism status among adults from the Maastricht study. Scientific Reports, 16(1), Article 3175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33099-z
    • Meisters, R., Koster, A., Sezer, B., Albers, J., van Greevenbroek, M., de Galan, B., & Bosma, H. (2025). The importance of material deprivation in type 2 diabetes incidence: longitudinal analyses in the Maastricht study. BMC Public Health, 25(1), Article 3013. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24263-1
    • Tokgöz, S., Deden, L. N., Hofboer, A., Hazebroek, E. J., de Boer, H., van Bon, A. C., Meijer, R. I., de Galan, B. E., Tack, C. J., Boss, M., & Gotthardt, M. (2025). β-Cell Mass in Individuals With and Without Postbariatric Hypoglycemia After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Diabetes, 74(12), 2301-2306. https://doi.org/10.2337/db25-0572
    • den Brok, E. J., Hornborg-Svensson, C., Dimitropoulou, N. M., Broeng-Mikkelgaard, S., Olsen, M. T., Rahman, L. A., Papathanail, I., Wiede, A., Peters, J., Mertens, P. R., Zikou, E., Karamanakos, G., Athanasopoulos, S., Mitrakou, A., Makrilakis, K., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Mougiakakou, S., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., ... Melissa Consortium (2025). Study protocol for exploring diabetes numeracy and health literacy across Europe (EDUCATE): A multicentre cross-sectional study. Diabetic Medicine, 42(11), Article e70140. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70140
    • Svensson, C. H., Fabricius, T. W., Verhulst, C., Tack, C. J., Kristensen, P. L., de Galan, B. E., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2025). Association between recent real-life exposure to hypoglycaemia and cognitive function during hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes: Findings from the Hypo-RESOLVE clamp study. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 27(10), 5455-5463. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16587
    • Sezer, B., Albers, J., Meisters, R., Schram, M., de Galan, B., Elbadawi, S. M. M., Koster, A., & Bosma, H. (2025). The associations of hair glucocorticoids with socioeconomic position and type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Maastricht study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 181, Article 107589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107589
    • Dimitropoulou, N. M., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., & de Galan, B. E. (2025). Glucose variability measured by continuous glucose monitoring is associated with skin autofluorescence: the Maastricht Study. Diabetologia, 68(9), 1937-1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06469-5
    • Panagiotou, M., Strommen, K., Brigato, L., de Galan, B. E., & Mougiakakou, S. (2025). Role of artificial intelligence in enhancing insulin recommendations and therapy outcomes. Die Diabetologie, 21(6), 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-025-01332-y
    • Fuhri Snethlage, C. M., Smeets, P., de Groen, P., Rampanelli, E., van Raalte, D. H., DeVries, J. H., Meijnikman, A. S., Siegelaar, S., de Galan, B. E., Roep, B. O., Nieuwdorp, M., & Hanssen, N. M. J. (2025). Sex-based disparities in perceived versus objective glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 13(9), 739-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00136-6
    • Steens, I. L. M., Schram, M. T., Houben, A. J. H. M., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., Koster, A., Bosma, H., Eussen, S. J. P. M., de Galan, B. E., & van Sloten, T. T. (2025). Type 2 diabetes and depression via microvascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and arterial stiffness. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 27(9), 4847-4858. Article 16527. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16527
    • Rao, Y., Yu, E. Y.-W., Lin, T.-Y., Chen, Y., Qin, Y., Koster, A., Eussen, S. J. P. M., Bosma, H., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., van der Kallen, C. J. H., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., de Galan, B. E., Zeegers, M. P., & Wesselius, A. (2025). Interaction between coffee consumption and polygenic risk score in relation to diabetes: insights from the Maastricht study. European Journal of Nutrition, 64(6), Article 263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03782-y
    • Ahaouari, T., Berendsen, B., Schaper, N., Bosma, H., van Greevenbroek, M., de Galan, B., T. Schram, M., Savelberg, H., & Koster, A. (2025). Combined Associations of Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy With Device-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour-The Maastricht Study. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 41(5), Article e70069. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.70069
    • Albers, J., Koster, A., Sezer, B., Meisters, R., Chan, J., Wesselius, A., Schram, M., de Galan, B., Lakerveld, J., & Bosma, H. (2025). Socioeconomic position and type 2 diabetes: Examining the mediating role of social cohesion—The Maastricht Study. Social Science & Medicine, 376, Article 118046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118046
    • Stobbe, A. Y., Oosterom-Eijmael, M. J. P., de Galan, B. E., Hermanides, J., Siegelaar, S. E., & Hulst, A. H. (2025). GLP1-agonisten en SGLT2-remmers. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 169, Article D8442. https://www.ntvg.nl/artikelen/glp1-agonisten-en-sglt2-remmers
    • Fabricius, T. W., Verhulst, C., Svensson, C. H., Wienberg, M., Duijnhouwer, A. L., Tack, C. J., Kristensen, P. L., de Galan, B. E., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., & Hypo-RESOLVE Consortium (2025). Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on cardiac function in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 27(5), 2768-2776. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16283
    • Steens, I. L. M., Ji, Y., Sedaghat, S., Pankow, J., Klein, B. E. K., Cotch, M. F., Mcclelland, R. L., Hayden, K. M., Hughes, T. M., Bancks, M. P., Houben, A. J. H. M., Kroon, A. A., Koster, A., Bosma, H., Berendschot, T. T. J. M., de Galan, B. E., & van Sloten, T. T. (2025). Diabetes and incident stroke and mediation by microvascular dysfunction: Pooled analysis of three population-based studies. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 27(4), 2299-2304. Article 16217. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16217
    • Tokgöz, S., Boss, M., Jansen, T. J., Meijer, R., Frielink, C., van Bon, A. C., Tack, C. J., de Galan, B. E., & Gotthardt, M. (2025). Activation of the HPA axis does not explain non-responsiveness to GLP-1R agonist treatment in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 74(2), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.2337/db24-0463
    • Panagiotou, M., Brigato, L., Streit, V., Hayoz, A., Proennecke, S., Athanasopoulos, S., Olsen, M. T., Den Brok, E. J., Svensson, C. H., Makrilakis, K., Xatzipsalti, M., Vazeou, A., Mertens, P. R., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., De Galan, B. E., & Mougiakakou, S. (2025). Personalized Insulin Adjustment With Reinforcement Learning: An In-Silico Validation for People with Diabetes on Intensive Insulin Treatment. IEEE Access, 13, 148436-148455. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3600738
  • 2024
    • Drenthen, L. C. A., Ajie, M., de Baaij, J. H. F., Tack, C. J., de Galan, B. E., & Stienstra, R. (2024). Magnesium supplementation modulates T-cell function in people with type 2 diabetes and low serum magnesium levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109(12), e2240-e2245. Article dgae097. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae097
    • Castañeda, J., de Galan, B. E., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Arrieta, A., van den Heuvel, T., & Cohen, O. (2024). The interdependence of targets for continuous glucose monitoring outcomes in type 1 diabetes with automated insulin delivery. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 26(12), 5836-5844. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15955
    • Heyens, L., Kenjic, H., Dagnelie, P., Schalkwijk, C., Stehouwer, C., Meex, S., Kooman, J., Bekers, O., van Greevenbroek, M., Savelberg, H., Robaeys, G., de Galan, B., Koster, A., van Dongen, M., Eussen, S., & Koek, G. (2024). Forns index and fatty liver index, but not FIB-4, are associated with indices of glycaemia, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: analysis of The Maastricht Study. BMJ Open Gastroenterology, 11(1), Article e001466. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2024-001466
    • Meisters, R., Koster, A., Albers, J., Sezer, B., van Greevenbroek, M., de Galan, B., & Bosma, H. (2024). Early life socioeconomic inequalities and type 2 diabetes incidence: Longitudinal analyses in the Maastricht study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 217, Article 111855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111855
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